For pilots aspiring to fly for an airline, obtaining a type rating is a crucial step in career progression.
A type rating is an additional certification that allows a pilot to operate a specific aircraft type beyond the basic licences, such as a Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL). Given that modern commercial aircraft vary significantly in their systems, performance, and handling characteristics, type ratings ensure that pilots receive thorough training before being entrusted with passengers and cargo.
What Is a Type Rating?
A type rating is a qualification added to a pilot’s licence, granting them the authority to operate a specific aircraft type. In many cases, larger commercial jets and complex aircraft require a type rating due to their advanced systems and handling requirements. The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) mandates type ratings for aircraft that exceed a certain weight or have complex systems, such as jet engines, multi-crew operations, or advanced avionics.
Why Type Ratings Are Necessary
Unlike general aviation aircraft, commercial airliners have complex automation, high-speed operational requirements, and specific safety protocols. Type ratings ensure that pilots:
· Understand the aircraft’s flight characteristics and limitations
· Are proficient in emergency procedures and system failures
· Can manage advanced avionics and automation systems
· Work efficiently as part of a multi-crew cockpit environment
For pilots transitioning to a CPL, obtaining a type rating is a significant milestone that moves them closer to full airline operations.
How Type Ratings Fit into Airline Pilot Training Programs
Airline Pathway to Type Ratings
Most airline pilot training programs include a structured pathway toward type ratings. After completing the foundational stages—such as private pilot training, CPL, and multi-engine/instrument ratings—pilots looking to enter the airline industry must undergo further training, which may include:
· Multi-Crew Cooperation (MCC) Training: Essential for working in a two-pilot cockpit environment.
· Jet Orientation Course (JOC): Prepares pilots for handling jet aircraft dynamics.
· Airline-Specific Type Rating Training: Focused on the airline’s fleet type.
Cadet Programs and Sponsored Type Ratings
Many airlines offer cadet programs where type rating training is provided as part of the curriculum. These programs streamline the transition from a newly licensed commercial pilot to a first officer on a commercial aircraft. Some airlines even sponsor the cost of the type rating, though this often comes with contractual commitments, such as a minimum service period.
For pilots who do not enter airline-sponsored programs, self-funded type ratings are another option. These can be expensive, but they offer pilots the flexibility to apply for airline positions requiring that particular type rating.
What to Expect in Type Rating Training
Ground School (Systems Training)
The first phase of type rating training is ground school, where pilots undergo an in-depth study of the aircraft:
· Aerodynamics and handling characteristics
· Flight control systems and hydraulics
· Navigation and avionics
· Pressurisation and electrical systems
· Emergency procedures and troubleshooting
This phase typically lasts between two to four weeks and concludes with theoretical exams.
Cost and Duration of Type Rating Training
How Much Does a Type Rating Cost?
The cost of obtaining a type rating varies based on the aircraft type, location, and whether the training is self-funded or airline-sponsored. On average:
· Narrow-body aircraft (e.g., Boeing 737, Airbus A320): AUD 30,000 – 50,000
· Wide-body aircraft (e.g., Boeing 777, Airbus A350): AUD 50,000 – 100,000
These costs include ground school, simulator sessions, and line training but may not cover accommodation and additional fees.
How Long Does It Take?
The typical duration of a type rating program ranges from 4 to 8 weeks, depending on the aircraft type and regulatory requirements.
Challenges of Obtaining a Type Rating
High Financial Commitment
For self-sponsored pilots, the cost of a type rating can be a barrier. Some pilots take loans or seek financial assistance to cover training costs.
Strict Performance Requirements
Type rating training demands high levels of discipline, adaptability, and quick decision-making. The pass rate is not 100%, and pilots must demonstrate exceptional skill to pass final assessments.
Maintaining Currency
A type rating is not a lifetime qualification. Pilots must undergo regular proficiency checks and recurrency training to maintain their certification. Airlines conduct these checks every six to twelve months to ensure operational readiness.
Career Benefits of Having a Type Rating
Faster Employment Opportunities
For newly licensed commercial pilots, holding a type rating on an in-demand aircraft (such as the Boeing 737 or Airbus A320) can make them more competitive in job applications.
Higher Salary Potential
Pilots with type ratings on wide-body or long-haul aircraft tend to earn higher salaries, especially as they progress to captaincy roles.
Greater Career Flexibility
Once a pilot holds a type rating, they can apply for positions with multiple airlines operating the same aircraft type. This provides career flexibility and mobility in a competitive industry.
A type rating is a critical step for pilots moving from general aviation or initial airline pilot training programs into commercial airline operations. Whether obtained through an airline cadetship or self-sponsored training, type ratings ensure pilots are fully competent in operating complex aircraft safely and efficiently.
For pilots transitioning from a Recreational Pilot License (RPL) to commercial aviation, understanding the requirements and challenges of type ratings can help in planning a long-term career strategy. While the financial and training demands are significant, the career benefits—ranging from better job prospects to higher salaries—make type ratings a worthwhile investment for any aspiring airline pilot.