Category: LTF News

Choosing the right flight school is one of the most critical decisions an aspiring pilot will make. Whether your goal is to fly recreationally or pursue a career in commercial aviation, the quality of training you receive will significantly impact your skills, employability, and overall experience. With numerous options available, selecting a school that aligns with your career goals, budget, and learning preferences requires careful consideration.

For those pursuing a Private Pilot License in Melbourne, selecting a flight school that offers structured training, experienced instructors, and well-maintained aircraft is essential. Similarly, pilots aiming for a CPL course in Australia must ensure their chosen program provides the necessary hours, qualifications, and airline pathways to succeed.

1. Understanding Your Training Goals

Before choosing a flight school, it’s crucial to define your aviation goals. Are you looking to fly recreationally, become a commercial airline pilot, or explore specialized fields like aerobatics or bush flying? Your goal will determine the type of training required and influence your choice of school.

Flight Training Pathways:

• Recreational Pilot Training – Ideal for hobbyists and those looking for limited flying privileges.
• Private Pilot License (PPL) – Provides unrestricted flying rights (except for commercial purposes).
• Commercial Pilot License (CPL) – Required for professional flying, including airline and charter work.
• Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL) – The highest certification for captains and airline pilots.

Understanding these pathways helps narrow down flight schools that offer the specific training you need.

2. Comparing Integrated vs. Modular Training

Flight training programs typically follow integrated or modular structures:

Integrated Flight Training

• Full-time, structured program with a fast-track pathway to a CPL.
• Often includes multi-engine and instrument ratings.
• Higher upfront costs but completed in a shorter time (12-18 months).
• Common in airline-focused academies with job placement support.
  

Modular Flight Training

• Flexible, pay-as-you-go approach.
• Ideal for students balancing work, studies, or financial constraints.
• Takes longer but allows trainees to progress at their own pace.
• Can be completed at different schools to optimize costs.

For those aiming for a CPL course in Australia, integrated training may provide a more structured approach, while modular training offers financial flexibility.

3. Flight School Accreditation and Reputation

Choosing an accredited flight school ensures your training meets industry standards and is recognized globally. Look for:

• CASA (Civil Aviation Safety Authority) approval – Ensures compliance with Australian aviation regulations.
• RTO (Registered Training Organization) status – Necessary for diploma programs linked to aviation.
• International Recognition – Some schools partner with major airlines, enhancing career opportunities.

Reputation is equally important. Research school reviews, instructor experience, and alumni success stories. Connecting with past students can provide insights into the school’s training quality and job placement rates.

4. Quality of Flight Instructors

A flight school’s instructors significantly impact your training experience. Look for:

• Experience and Ratings – Instructors should hold commercial and instructor certifications, with multi-engine and instrument experience preferred.
• Instructor Availability – Schools with high student-to-instructor ratios may delay training.
• Teaching Style and Mentorship – An instructor’s ability to provide constructive feedback and mentorship is crucial for skill development.

For pilots pursuing a Private Pilot License in Melbourne, finding an instructor who provides personalized guidance can enhance learning efficiency.

5. Aircraft Fleet and Maintenance Standards

The type and condition of aircraft used for training play a significant role in your flight experience. When evaluating a school’s fleet, consider:

• Variety of Aircraft – Schools should offer basic trainers (e.g., Cessna 172) and advanced aircraft (e.g., Piper Seminole for multi-engine training).
• Aircraft Age and Technology – Schools with modern, well-maintained aircraft featuring glass cockpits provide a better transition to airline operations.
• Maintenance Standards – A strong in-house maintenance team ensures safety and reduces flight cancellations due to mechanical issues.

For CPL students, gaining experience in advanced aircraft improves employment prospects.

6. Training Costs and Financial Considerations

Flight training is a significant investment, and costs can vary based on location, program type, and aircraft used. Consider:

• Hourly Aircraft Rental Fees – Schools charge per flight hour, with multi-engine training costing more.
• Simulator Training – Reduces costs while improving instrument and procedural skills.
• Hidden Fees – Check for additional charges like landing fees, theory exams, or uniform costs.

Some schools offer scholarships, financing options, or government-backed student loans for those pursuing professional training. Planning finances early prevents disruptions during training.

7. Career Pathways and Job Placement Support

For aspiring commercial pilots, job placement support is a crucial factor when selecting a flight school. Some academies offer:

• Airline Cadet Programs – Direct pathways to airline employment.
• Internships and Instructor Roles – Opportunities to build flight hours post-training.
• Career Guidance and Networking – Connections with airlines, charter companies, and general aviation operators.

Choosing a school with strong airline partnerships increases the likelihood of securing employment after obtaining a CPL.

8. Location and Weather Conditions

Training location significantly impacts training duration and costs. Consider:

• Weather Patterns – Locations with stable weather conditions ensure uninterrupted training.
• Air Traffic and Airspace – Training near controlled airspace enhances radio communication and operational awareness.
• Proximity to Home – Reduces accommodation and travel expenses.

For students considering a Private Pilot License in Melbourne, choosing a school with access to diverse airspace (including controlled and regional airports) provides a well-rounded experience.

9. Flight Training Culture and Learning Environment

The overall learning environment can influence motivation and success. When visiting schools, assess:

• Student Support Services – A structured support system improves retention and performance.
• Training Schedules – Availability of aircraft and instructors for consistent progress.
• School Culture – A positive and professional atmosphere enhances the learning experience.

Attending trial flights or discovery sessions helps determine if the school’s culture and teaching methods suit your learning style.

10. Evaluating Training Success Rates

A school’s success rate is a strong indicator of training quality. Look for:

• Pass Rates for Exams and Flight Tests – High pass rates suggest strong instruction and preparation.
• Alumni Success Stories – Testimonials from past students provide insights into post-training career opportunities.
• Industry Recognition – Schools with a strong reputation are often preferred by employers.

Comparing multiple schools based on these factors ensures you select a program that maximizes your chances of success.

Choosing the right flight school is a critical step in your aviation journey. Whether aiming for a Private Pilot License in Melbourne or enrolling in a CPL course in Australia, selecting a school with strong accreditation, experienced instructors, a well-maintained fleet, and solid career pathways ensures a smoother training experience.

By carefully evaluating training programs, costs, aircraft quality, and career placement options, aspiring pilots can find the best-suited school to achieve their aviation dreams. The right choice will not only provide quality education but also open doors to a successful career in aviation.

For pilots aspiring to fly for an airline, obtaining a type rating is a crucial step in career progression.

A type rating is an additional certification that allows a pilot to operate a specific aircraft type beyond the basic licences, such as a Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL). Given that modern commercial aircraft vary significantly in their systems, performance, and handling characteristics, type ratings ensure that pilots receive thorough training before being entrusted with passengers and cargo.

What Is a Type Rating?

A type rating is a qualification added to a pilot’s licence, granting them the authority to operate a specific aircraft type. In many cases, larger commercial jets and complex aircraft require a type rating due to their advanced systems and handling requirements. The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) mandates type ratings for aircraft that exceed a certain weight or have complex systems, such as jet engines, multi-crew operations, or advanced avionics.

Why Type Ratings Are Necessary

Unlike general aviation aircraft, commercial airliners have complex automation, high-speed operational requirements, and specific safety protocols. Type ratings ensure that pilots:

·       Understand the aircraft’s flight characteristics and limitations

·       Are proficient in emergency procedures and system failures

·       Can manage advanced avionics and automation systems 

·       Work efficiently as part of a multi-crew cockpit environment

For pilots transitioning to a CPL, obtaining a type rating is a significant milestone that moves them closer to full airline operations.

How Type Ratings Fit into Airline Pilot Training Programs

Airline Pathway to Type Ratings

Most airline pilot training programs include a structured pathway toward type ratings. After completing the foundational stages—such as private pilot training, CPL, and multi-engine/instrument ratings—pilots looking to enter the airline industry must undergo further training, which may include:

·       Multi-Crew Cooperation (MCC) Training: Essential for working in a two-pilot cockpit environment.

·       Jet Orientation Course (JOC): Prepares pilots for handling jet aircraft dynamics.

·       Airline-Specific Type Rating Training: Focused on the airline’s fleet type.

Cadet Programs and Sponsored Type Ratings

Many airlines offer cadet programs where type rating training is provided as part of the curriculum. These programs streamline the transition from a newly licensed commercial pilot to a first officer on a commercial aircraft. Some airlines even sponsor the cost of the type rating, though this often comes with contractual commitments, such as a minimum service period.

For pilots who do not enter airline-sponsored programs, self-funded type ratings are another option. These can be expensive, but they offer pilots the flexibility to apply for airline positions requiring that particular type rating.

What to Expect in Type Rating Training

Ground School (Systems Training)

The first phase of type rating training is ground school, where pilots undergo an in-depth study of the aircraft:

·       Aerodynamics and handling characteristics

·       Flight control systems and hydraulics

·       Navigation and avionics

·       Pressurisation and electrical systems

·       Emergency procedures and troubleshooting

This phase typically lasts between two to four weeks and concludes with theoretical exams.

Cost and Duration of Type Rating Training

How Much Does a Type Rating Cost?

The cost of obtaining a type rating varies based on the aircraft type, location, and whether the training is self-funded or airline-sponsored. On average:

·       Narrow-body aircraft (e.g., Boeing 737, Airbus A320): AUD 30,000 – 50,000

·       Wide-body aircraft (e.g., Boeing 777, Airbus A350): AUD 50,000 – 100,000

These costs include ground school, simulator sessions, and line training but may not cover accommodation and additional fees.

How Long Does It Take?

The typical duration of a type rating program ranges from 4 to 8 weeks, depending on the aircraft type and regulatory requirements.

Challenges of Obtaining a Type Rating

High Financial Commitment

For self-sponsored pilots, the cost of a type rating can be a barrier. Some pilots take loans or seek financial assistance to cover training costs.

Strict Performance Requirements

Type rating training demands high levels of discipline, adaptability, and quick decision-making. The pass rate is not 100%, and pilots must demonstrate exceptional skill to pass final assessments.

Maintaining Currency

A type rating is not a lifetime qualification. Pilots must undergo regular proficiency checks and recurrency training to maintain their certification. Airlines conduct these checks every six to twelve months to ensure operational readiness.

Career Benefits of Having a Type Rating

Faster Employment Opportunities

For newly licensed commercial pilots, holding a type rating on an in-demand aircraft (such as the Boeing 737 or Airbus A320) can make them more competitive in job applications.

Higher Salary Potential

Pilots with type ratings on wide-body or long-haul aircraft tend to earn higher salaries, especially as they progress to captaincy roles.

Greater Career Flexibility

Once a pilot holds a type rating, they can apply for positions with multiple airlines operating the same aircraft type. This provides career flexibility and mobility in a competitive industry.

A type rating is a critical step for pilots moving from general aviation or initial airline pilot training programs into commercial airline operations. Whether obtained through an airline cadetship or self-sponsored training, type ratings ensure pilots are fully competent in operating complex aircraft safely and efficiently.

For pilots transitioning from a Recreational Pilot License (RPL) to commercial aviation, understanding the requirements and challenges of type ratings can help in planning a long-term career strategy. While the financial and training demands are significant, the career benefits—ranging from better job prospects to higher salaries—make type ratings a worthwhile investment for any aspiring airline pilot.

A career as a pilot is both exciting and demanding, requiring a solid foundation of skills, knowledge, and experience.

Whether you’re just starting your aviation journey or looking to advance after earning your Commercial Pilot License (CPL), strategic planning is essential to achieving long-term success.

1. Beginning Your Journey: Laying the Groundwork

Choosing the Right Flight School

Selecting the right training institution is critical to your success. Look for a school with a strong reputation, experienced instructors, and well-maintained aircraft. For those considering international options, a Taiwan flying school will offer comprehensive training programs with modern facilities, making it an excellent choice for aspiring pilots in Asia.

When evaluating schools, consider factors such as accreditation, student-to-instructor ratio, and the variety of aircraft available for training. Research testimonials from alumni to gain insight into the quality of education and support provided.

Understanding Licensing Requirements

Before embarking on your training, familiarise yourself with the various pilot licenses and endorsements, including the Private Pilot License (PPL), CPL, and additional ratings such as instrument or multi-engine endorsements. In regions like Australia, completing a CPL course Australia opens doors to opportunities in commercial aviation, charter services, and flight instruction.

2. Maximising Opportunities During Flight School

Build a Diverse Skill Set

While flight school primarily focuses on technical skills, broadening your expertise can make you a more versatile pilot. Consider gaining experience in areas such as:

• Cross-Country Flights: These build navigation skills and expose you to different airspaces and weather conditions.
• Simulated Emergency Training: Learning to manage in-flight emergencies is crucial for enhancing decision-making and confidence.
• Night Flying: This certification is often a stepping stone to more advanced ratings and increases your employability.

Networking and Mentorship

Networking is an essential aspect of career development. Engage with instructors, peers, and industry professionals to build valuable connections. Many schools host guest lectures or industry events where you can interact with airline recruiters and experienced pilots.

Seek mentorship from senior pilots who can offer guidance on navigating challenges and making informed career decisions. Their insights can help you identify opportunities and avoid common pitfalls.

Participate in Extracurricular Activities

Many flight schools offer additional programs, such as aviation clubs or internships, which can enhance your learning experience. These activities provide hands-on experience in areas like aircraft maintenance or airport operations, giving you a competitive edge when applying for jobs.

3. Gaining Momentum After Your CPL

Building Flight Hours

After earning your CPL, accumulating flight hours is a priority. Most airlines and charter companies require a minimum number of hours for entry-level positions. Here are some effective ways to build hours:

• Flight Instruction: Becoming a certified flight instructor (CFI) is a common path for new pilots to gain experience while earning an income.
• Charter Flights: Working for a charter company allows you to build hours while experiencing diverse flight operations.
• Bush Flying: For the adventurous, flying in remote areas can accelerate hour accumulation while honing your skills in challenging conditions.
  

Pursue Advanced Ratings and Endorsements

Expanding your qualifications improves your employability and prepares you for specialised roles. Popular endorsements include:

• Instrument Rating (IR): Enables you to fly in various weather conditions, a requirement for airline roles.
• Multi-Engine Rating (MER): Necessary for flying larger aircraft.
• Type Ratings: Specific training for operating particular aircraft models.
  

Networking and Career Development

Stay connected with industry professionals through aviation expos, online forums, and alumni networks. Joining organisations like the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) can provide access to job listings, mentorship programs, and industry updates.

4. Long-Term Career Planning

Targeting Airline Cadet Programs

Many airlines offer cadet programs designed to train and hire new pilots directly. These programs often include structured training pathways, mentorship, and job placement opportunities. Aspiring pilots should monitor openings and prepare by meeting prerequisites such as medical certifications, language proficiency, and a minimum number of flight hours.

Continuing Education

The aviation industry evolves rapidly, with advancements in technology and regulations shaping pilot requirements. Staying informed through continuing education, workshops, and online courses is vital for career longevity. Advanced programs, such as leadership training for captains, can also prepare you for management roles.

5. Overcoming Challenges in Pilot Careers

Managing Financial Investments

Aviation training is a significant financial commitment. Plan your budget carefully and explore scholarships, grants, or loans. Some employers reimburse training costs after a specified tenure, so investigate such opportunities during job applications.

Balancing Work-Life Demands

The life of a pilot can be demanding, with irregular hours and frequent travel. Maintaining physical and mental well-being is essential for long-term success. Practices such as mindfulness, regular exercise, and staying connected with loved ones can help manage stress.

Adapting to Industry Changes

Economic fluctuations, technological advancements, and regulatory changes can impact the aviation industry. Flexibility and a willingness to adapt are crucial traits for navigating such challenges. For instance, understanding emerging trends like sustainable aviation fuels or autonomous flight technologies can position you as a forward-thinking professional.

Building a successful career as a pilot requires strategic planning, dedication, and adaptability. By starting strong with the right training and taking advantage of opportunities during flight school, you can lay a solid foundation for your career. Pursuing advanced qualifications, networking, and staying informed about industry trends will help you maintain momentum and achieve your professional goals.

Whether you’re training at a Taiwan flying school or completing a CPL course in Australia, investing in your development is key to unlocking a rewarding and dynamic aviation career. Embrace lifelong learning and remain open to new challenges to soar to new heights in the ever-evolving world of aviation.

Owning or sharing a private plane for recreational flying is a rewarding experience, offering freedom and adventure. However, to ensure your aircraft is always in top condition and ready for safe flights, diligent maintenance and proper storage are essential.

1. Follow a Detailed Maintenance Schedule

Regular maintenance is critical for keeping your aircraft airworthy. Recreational aircraft owners should adhere to the manufacturer’s recommended schedule for inspections, oil changes, and part replacements. Maintenance tasks like checking the engine, landing gear, and avionics are essential even if the aircraft is not used frequently. If you have a recreational pilot license in Australia, you’ll know the importance of logbook updates, which should include every maintenance activity performed.

2. Conduct Pre-Flight and Post-Flight Inspections

Every flight should start with a thorough pre-flight inspection and end with a post-flight check. Inspect critical systems like control surfaces, fuel levels, tyre pressure, and propellers. After each flight, examine the aircraft for any signs of wear or damage caused during operation, and address any issues immediately.

3. Use High-Quality Engine Oil and Fuel

Ensure your aircraft is always filled with clean, high-quality fuel suitable for its engine type. Regular oil changes—typically every 25-50 hours of operation—are essential for engine longevity. Contaminated or old oil can lead to engine corrosion, especially when the aircraft is stored for extended periods.

4. Protect Against Corrosion

Corrosion can significantly impact an aircraft’s structural integrity and performance. To prevent it:

• Store the plane in a dry, climate-controlled hangar.
• Use corrosion inhibitors in fuel systems and engine oil if the aircraft will remain unused for weeks or months.
• Regularly clean the exterior and interior of your plane to remove dirt, salt, and moisture that may accelerate corrosion.
  

5. Keep Tyres and Landing Gear in Good Condition

Check tyre pressure and landing gear regularly to avoid flats or structural damage. Keep the tyres properly inflated to the manufacturer’s specifications and inspect the landing gear for signs of wear, cracks, or leaks. When storing the aircraft for extended periods, consider using tyre covers to protect against UV damage and reducing pressure slightly to prevent flat spots.

6. Use a High-Quality Aircraft Cover

Protecting your aircraft from the elements is critical, especially if hangar storage is not an option. Invest in a durable, UV-resistant cover that fits your plane snugly. A high-quality cover shields your aircraft from sunlight, rain, snow, and debris, preventing premature wear on paint, windows, and seals.

7. Ensure Proper Battery Care

Batteries are susceptible to damage when left unused for long periods. Disconnect the battery if you won’t be flying for several weeks, or use a trickle charger to maintain its charge. Periodically test the battery to ensure it holds power effectively and replace it when it no longer meets performance standards.

8. Maintain Avionics and Instruments

Keep avionics and cockpit instruments in peak condition by performing routine checks and keeping them clean. Dust and moisture can interfere with displays and switches, so protective covers should be used on instrument panels during storage. For more advanced maintenance, consult professionals who specialise in avionics systems.

9. Choose the Right Storage Location

A secure, climate-controlled hangar is the best place to store your aircraft. Hangars protect planes from weather conditions, temperature fluctuations, and vandalism. If hangar space is unavailable, tie down the aircraft securely on an outdoor ramp, but be aware of additional risks such as UV exposure, ice, and strong winds. Consult other owners about local options; many recreational pilots in Australia, for example, find shared hangar space an economical and reliable solution.

10. Stay Updated on Regulations

Maintaining compliance with aviation regulations is as important as physical maintenance. Aircraft owners must stay updated on airworthiness directives (ADs) issued by aviation authorities and ensure any necessary modifications or repairs are completed promptly. Those with a pilot license in Australia are already familiar with these requirements, but recreational fliers sharing ownership should ensure everyone involved is aware of their regulatory responsibilities.

Benefits of Proper Maintenance and Storage

1. Enhanced Safety: Meticulously maintained aircraft are less prone to mechanical failures, ensuring a safer flying experience for recreational pilots.
2. Cost Savings: Addressing minor issues early can prevent expensive repairs later, extending the life of your aircraft.
3. Higher Resale Value: An aircraft with a detailed maintenance history and excellent storage conditions will retain its value better than one neglected over time.
4. Peace of Mind: Regular maintenance and proper storage provide confidence that your aircraft is always ready for your next adventure.
   

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Neglecting Storage Environment: Storing aircraft in unsuitable conditions, such as areas prone to high humidity or temperature extremes, can accelerate deterioration.
• Skipping Maintenance Intervals: Delaying maintenance may save time in the short term but often results in more significant problems later.
• Improper Handling of Fuel: Failing to drain water-contaminated fuel or neglecting to fill tanks fully before storage can cause condensation and fuel system damage.
  

Advanced Tips for Enthusiasts

1. Enroll in Workshops or Seminars: Recreational pilots can benefit from attending workshops focused on maintenance best practices. These events often feature updates on the latest tools and techniques in general aviation.
2. Consider Advanced Certifications: Obtaining further training, such as a private pilot license or specialised courses, equips you with the knowledge to manage your aircraft better and collaborate effectively with maintenance professionals.

Owning a recreational aircraft is a unique privilege that comes with the responsibility of diligent maintenance and careful storage. Whether you’re a seasoned aviator or a newer pilot,  adopting a proactive approach to care will ensure your aircraft remains a reliable companion for every adventure.

From selecting the right hangar to staying on top of regulatory updates, these best practices will safeguard your aircraft and maximise the joy of recreational flying. Remember, investing time and effort into maintenance is not just about compliance—it’s about preserving the freedom and thrill of taking to the skies.

Among all the important components in aviation, weather is one of the most critical. It affects not just the safety of a flight but also comfort. Indeed, one of the important skills a pilot must acquire is the ability to understand and recognise hazardous weather conditions. Be it flying on small aircraft or jets, it is of great importance for a pilot to identify possibly hazardous weather conditions, interpret forecasts, and make informed decisions in view of maintaining flights safely.

Whether you’re training at a Taiwan flight school to become an aviator or you already hold a private pilot license, the fundamentals of interpreting weather patterns are significant for successful flying.

Weather patterns and fronts

Highs and fronts are major factors that determine the state of the atmosphere because they affect temperature, wind, and sometimes even precipitation. A pilot who can recognise and forecast such changes in weather conditions will know how to avoid hazardous situations.

High-pressure systems

High-pressure systems are associated with stable and clear weather. The air within a high-pressure system descends and spreads out at the surface. This creates, for the most part, fair skies, light winds, and low precipitation. While high-pressure areas offer good flying conditions, they also can be associated with temperature inversions that may cause haze or fog in certain areas.

Low-pressure systems

Low-pressure systems have the opposite effect, and as air rises, it cools. More often than not, cloud formation and precipitation mean unstable weather. These usually bring cloudy skies, strong winds, and a chance of thunderstorms. Flying through or near low-pressure systems, for their part, requires much more caution from pilots since they may be the cause of turbulence, poor visibility, and other hazards.

Weather fronts

Where two air masses with different temperatures and characteristics meet, there is a boundary known as a front. The principal fronts are warm fronts and cold fronts.

A warm front is when a mass of warm air is moving over a mass of colder air, its movement causes the leading edge to rise, a process that is done slowly, changing the weather changes gradually. Associated with warm fronts are steady rains or snow with reduced visibility. Clouds of many types can exist hundreds of miles in advance of the front and produce persistent weather problems for pilots.

Cold fronts are when a cold air mass pushes into a warmer one, the result is a cold front. Cold fronts bring sudden changes in weather, including thunderstorms, turbulence, and gusty winds. These can be associated with the rapid uplift of warm air to form cumulonimbus clouds and severe thunderstorms.

Understanding these systems assists pilots in anticipating weather over the course of a flight and in avoiding unsafe areas.

Reading weather charts and forecasts

Some of the most valuable resources available to make predictions about weather patterns and hazards are various types of weather charts and forecasts. Proper interpretation of these resources will enable pilots to plan routes that minimise risks and ensure safe flights.

Surface Analysis Charts

The surface analysis charts indicate current weather at ground level: high and low-pressure systems, frontal boundaries and the direction of wind flow. Symbols to be associated with:

• H: High-pressure system; usually good weather
• L: Low-pressure system; generally poor weather
• Isobars – Lines connecting equal pressure points. Closely packed isobars indicate strong winds.
  

Upper-Air Charts

Upper-air charts Upper-air charts are weather charts depicting the features at higher levels of the atmosphere where the pilot spends most of his time. These charts are essential for understanding jet streams, turbulence, and wind shear, which can greatly affect flight performance. Pilots must be especially aware of these upper-air conditions when planning their flight path.

Identifying adverse weather

Besides, the pilot needs to be aware of how to recognise dangerous weather phenomena and estimate the potential of the flight under dangerous weather conditions.

The most hazardous weather phenomena are the following:

• The most serious hazard to flight is thunderstorms. Turbulence, lightning, hail, and even tornadoes are potential hazards. Flight through a thunderstorm can be perilous because severe turbulence and wind shear may be encountered: extreme turbulence can cause loss of control or structural damage.
• Turbulence is the product of airflows of different speeds and directions colliding with one another. This can be due to weather conditions, such as storms, or the simple act of flying over mountains-what is called clear air turbulence. Moderate to severe turbulence can cause an aircraft to become unstable; therefore, passengers or crew may get injured, making it very important to avoid areas where turbulence will probably occur.
  
• Ice on the wings or fuselage of an aircraft can seriously impair its aerodynamics and performance. Icing conditions occur when moisture in the air freezes upon contact with aircraft skin. This usually occurs in clouds or precipitation. Icing can result in engine failure, loss of lift, and handling difficulties.
  
• Low visibility, due to fog, heavy rain, or snow, makes it difficult or impossible for the pilot to conduct the flight by visual references. Low visibility can also contribute to disorientation, especially through loss of horizon or surrounding terrain references, which increases the possibility of an accident.
  

Aviation is completely at the mercy of even treacherous weather conditions. With proper training and knowledge, however, pilots will be able to ply the skies safely. Grasping weather patterns, reading forecasts, and monitoring during flight are the principles leading to recognising hazardous situations and making judicious decisions. Identification and reaction to hazardous weather are integral parts of becoming a safe and competent pilot, either training here in a Taiwan flight school or building hours toward a private pilot license. Always train in safety, and never underestimate the power of weather in aviation.